Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. S4 is a pathologic sign in the young, but may be found in older individuals due to an age-related decrease in ventricular compliance Compliance Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. The fourth heart sound (S4) is associated with contraction of the atria into partially-filled and non-compliant (stiff) ventricles. Blunt Chest Trauma of early diastolic left ventricular inflow. Congestive Heart Failure ), and is related to abnormally rapid deceleration Deceleration A decrease in the rate of speed. Echocardiography can confirm the diagnosis and give information about the ejection fraction. The third heart sound (S3) may be physiologic (e.g., athletes) or pathologic (e.g., congestive heart failure Congestive heart failure Congestive heart failure refers to the inability of the heart to supply the body with normal cardiac output to meet metabolic needs. Heart: Anatomy closure (S1), as well as aortic and pulmonary valve Pulmonary valve A valve situated at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle. These are high-frequency sounds and arise from mitral and tricuspid valve Tricuspid valve The valve consisting of three cusps situated between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart.
In most cases, only the first (S1) and second (S2) heart sounds are heard. They are divided into systolic and diastolic sounds. Heart sounds are brief, transient sounds produced by valve opening and closure and by movement of blood in the heart.
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